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  ISRO Change in Examination Guidelines As you are aware that due to prevailing pandemic situation in the country students are attending IIRS distance learning courses from their respective residence. Hence invigilation during the examination is not possible. IIRS management has decided to make the examination as “Self-assessment” practice for IIRS distance learning courses till further notice. In this changing scenarios, the examination will not be considered as mandatory criteria to receive the certificate. The participants will receive a Certificate of Participation based on their attendance during the course. However, the participants are encouraged to participate in online self-assessment quiz for enhancing their knowledge and skills. The minimum attendance criteria will remain as 70% for the certificates. Today large amount of satellite imagery and geospatial data collected from different sources is available at free of cost. Satellite imagery combined with power of Geographic in

  Chef is playing a game, and to win the prize, he must complete it. But he is busy arranging meals for the vortex party, so he asked you the play the game in his place. The game is as below: You are given a rooted tree of size  N N  rooted at node  1 1 , where each node  i i  has a value  V i V i  assigned to it. Define  P u P u  as the parent of node  u u . You have to perform queries of the following type on the tree: 1 X W 1 X W : Break the edge between node  X X  and  P X P X  in the tree, and attach  X X  as a child of  W W  (note that this means  P X = W P X = W  after this operation). It is guaranteed that  X X  is a leaf node of the tree. 2 X K 2 X K : Change the value on node  X X  to  K K  (i.e. assign  V X ← K V X ← K ). 3 X Y 3 X Y : Calculate the sum of values of nodes on the path from  X X  to  Y Y . Note  that the queries are  accumulative , meaning the changes made in each query is persisted for the following queries. Input Format The first line of the input contains a